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While there are ethical considerations and potential pitfalls, social media and technology can empower clients by providing access, flexibility, and new forms of engagement not possible in traditional settings. Counselors must maintain ethical boundaries and confidentiality, but online interaction can facilitate unique opportunities for client empowerment and outreach.

Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) is considered a self-help group, as it is organized and run by its members, typically without professional leadership. AA’s focus is on peer support and mutual aid for individuals seeking recovery from alcoholism.

The Solomon four-group design is a true experimental design that specifically controls for the effects of taking a pretest. It involves four groups: two that receive a pretest and two that do not. This setup allows researchers to determine if the pretest itself has an effect on the outcomes, increasing internal validity. “The Solomon four-group design is the only experimental design that controls for both the effects of pretesting and treatment.”

Across-sectionaldesign collects data from a population at one specific time point to examine the prevalence or characteristics of variables. This design contrasts with longitudinal studies that collect data over time. It is commonly used in counseling research to describe current states.

Person-Centered Therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, highlights the core conditions ofunconditional positive regard, empathy, and congruence (genuineness). These conditions create a supportive environment that facilitates client growth. This humanistic approach is client-centered and non-directive.

It is essential for group leaders to address the issue of confidentiality during pre-group screening sessions so that all members understand the expectation and limits of confidentiality before joining. Unlike individual counseling, confidentiality cannot be absolutely guaranteed in groups because members are not legally bound to maintain it, so the topic must be discussed openly and thoroughly before the group begins.

The mental status examination (MSE) is a structured assessment tool used by counselors and other mental health professionals to systematically evaluate a client’s appearance, speech, actions, mood, perceptions, and thoughts. The MSE provides a snapshot of a client’s current psychological functioning.

TheAmerican Counseling Association (ACA)publishes the Code of Ethics used by professional counselors to guide ethical decision-making and practice standards.

The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) is a widely used self-report instrument for screening, diagnosing, monitoring, and measuring the severity of depression. It is brief, validated, and frequently used in both clinical and research settings for identifying depressive symptoms.

Individuation refers to the process of becoming an independent, self-governing person. For young adults, achieving autonomy is a key developmental task, as they separate psychologically from parents and develop a unique identity. Autonomy and individuation are closely linked in theories of human development.