Pass the ECCouncil NDE 112-51 Questions and answers with ExamsMirror

The communication layer of IoT architecture employs protocols and networks for connecting, sending, and receiving data between devices and network. The communication layer is responsible for enabling data exchange among the IoT devices and the cloud or other devices.The communication layer can use various types of networks, such as wired, wireless, cellular, or satellite, and various types of protocols, such as TCP/IP, MQTT, CoAP, or ZigBee12.References:Network Defense Essentials - EC-Council Learning,IoT Architecture: The 4 Layers of an IoT System

AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) is an iterated block cipher that works by repeating the defined steps multiple times and has a 128-bit block size, having key sizes of 128, 192, and 256 bits. AES is a symmetric-key algorithm that encrypts and decrypts data using the same secret key. AES operates on a 4x4 matrix of bytes called the state, which undergoes 10, 12, or 14 rounds of transformation depending on the key size. Each round consists of four steps: sub-bytes, shift-rows, mix-columns, and add-round-key. AES is widely used for securing data in various applications and platforms, such as web browsers, VPNs, wireless networks, and smart grids. AES is the algorithm that matches the description given in the question.References:

AES- Week 4: Cryptography Techniques

Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)- NIST

AES Encryption and Decryption Online Tool- Code Beautify

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) is a US law that was enacted in 2002 in response to the corporate scandals involving Enron, WorldCom, and others. The SOX aims to protect the public and investors by increasing the accuracy and reliability of corporate disclosures, such as financial statements, audit reports, and internal controls.The SOX also establishes the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) to oversee the auditing of public companies and imposes criminal penalties for fraud and non-compliance12.References:Network Defense Essentials - EC-Council Learning,Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) | U.S. Department of Labor

Port 48101 is the port number used by the malware to spread the infection to other loT devices. This port is associated with the Mirai botnet, which is one of the most notorious loT malware that targets vulnerable loT devices and turns them into a network of bots that can launch distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks. Mirai scans the internet for loT devices that use default or weak credentials and infects them by logging in via Telnet or SSH. Once infected, the device connects to a command and control (C&C) server on port 48101 and waits for instructions. The C&C server can then direct the botnet to attack a target by sending TCP, UDP, or HTTP requests. Mirai has been responsible for some of the largest DDoS attacks in history, such as the one that disrupted Dyn DNS in 2016 and affected major websites like Twitter, Netflix, and Reddit.References:

Mirai (malware), Wikipedia, March 16, 2021

Mirai Botnet: A History of the Largest loT Botnet Attacks, Imperva, December 10, 2020

Mirai Botnet: How loT Devices Almost Brought Down the Internet, Cloudflare, March 17, 2021

WPA3 is the latest standard of Wi-Fi Protected Access, which was released in 2018 by the Wi-Fi Alliance. WPA3 uses a new handshake protocol called Simultaneous Authentication of Equals (SAE), which is based on a zero-knowledge proof known as dragonfly. Dragonfly is a key exchange algorithm that uses discrete logarithm cryptography to derive a shared secret between two parties, without revealing any information about their passwords or keys. Dragonfly is resistant to offline dictionary attacks, where an attacker tries to guess the password by capturing the handshake and testing different combinations. Dragonfly is also resistant to key recovery attacks, where an attacker tries to recover the encryption key by exploiting weaknesses in the algorithm or implementation. Dragonfly provides forward secrecy, which means that even if an attacker manages to compromise the password or key in the future, they cannot decrypt the past communication. WPA3 also supports other features such as increased key sizes, opportunistic wireless encryption, and protected management frames, which enhance the security and privacy of wireless networks.References:

WPA3 Dragonfly Handshake

WPA3 Encryption and Configuration Guide

Dragon Fly - Zero Knowledge Proof

What is SAE (Simultaneous Authentication of Equals)?

Dragonfly - people.scs.carleton.ca

The loT communication model that serves as an analyzer for a company to track monthly or yearly energy consumption is the device-to-cloud model. The device-to-cloud model is a loT communication model where the loT devices, such as smart meters, sensors, or thermostats, send data directly to the cloud platform, such as AWS, Azure, or Google Cloud, over the internet. The cloud platform then processes, analyzes, and stores the data, and provides feedback, control, or visualization to the users or applications. The device-to-cloud model enables the company to monitor and optimize the energy consumption of the loT devices in real time, and to leverage the cloud services, such as machine learning, big data analytics, or artificial intelligence, to perform advanced energy management and demand response.The device-to-cloud model also reduces the complexity and cost of the loT infrastructure, as it does not require intermediate gateways or servers to connect the loT devices to the cloud123.References:

Network Defense Essentials Courseware, EC-Council, 2020, pp. 3-38 to 3-39

loT Communication Models: Device-to-Device, Device-to-Cloud, Device-to-Gateway, and Back-End Data-Sharing, DZone, July 9, 2018

loT Communication Models: Device-to-Device, Device-to-Cloud, Device-to-Gateway, and Back-End Data-Sharing, Medium, March 26, 2019

The DMCA is a US law that aims to protect the rights of digital content creators and owners. It prohibits the unauthorized copying, distribution, modification, or circumvention of digital content, such as software, music, movies, etc. The DMCA also provides exceptions for certain purposes, such as fair use, research, education, or maintenance and repair of systems.In the scenario, Daniel was authorized to make a copy of computer programs while maintaining or repairing the system, which falls under the DMCA exception for system maintenance and repair12.References:Network Defense Essentials - EC-Council Learning,Network Defense Essentials (NDE) | Coursera

A sprinkler system is a type of fire-fighting system that uses a distribution piping system to suppress the fire. A sprinkler system consists of sprinkler heads that are connected to a water supply and activated by heat or smoke detectors. When a fire is detected, the sprinkler heads release water to extinguish the fire and prevent it from spreading.A sprinkler system can be wet, dry, pre-action, or deluge, depending on the type of water supply and activation mechanism12.References:Network Defense Essentials - EC-Council Learning,Essentials Of Fire Fighting, 7th Edition, Product Suite - IFSTA

A transposition cipher is a type of cipher that encrypts a document by rearranging the same characters to produce the ciphertext. A transposition cipher does not change the identity or frequency of the characters, but only their position. A transposition cipher can use various methods to permute the characters, such as writing them in a grid and reading them in a different order, or shifting them along a rail fence pattern. A transposition cipher is a simple and fast algorithm, but it can be easily broken by frequency analysis or anagramming. A transposition cipher is the type of cipher employed by Kevin in the above scenario, as he used a simple algorithm to encrypt the document that just rearranges the same characters to produce the ciphertext.References:

Transposition cipher- Wikipedia

Network Security: Transposition Cipher Techniques- Coding Streets

Network Defense Essentials (NDE) | Coursera- Module 4: Cryptography Techniques

Columnar Transposition Cipher- GeeksforGeeks