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Questions # 1:

Examine this segment of /etc/rsyslog.conf:

# Log all kernel messages to the console.

# Logging much else clutters up the screen.

#kern.* /dev/console

# Log anything (except mail) of level info or higher.

# Don’t log private authentication messages!

*.info;mail.none;authpriv.none;cron.none /var/log/messages

# The authpriv file has restricted access.

authpriv.* /var/log/secure

# Log all the mail messages in one place.

mail.* -/var/log/maillog

# Log cron stuff

cron.* /var/log/cron

# Everybody gets emergency messages

*.emerg :omusrmsg:*

Now examine this log output:

less

Nov 9 20:32:16 server02 sudo[4570]: pam_unix(sudo:session): session opened for user opc (uid=0)

Nov 9 20:32:17 server02 sudo[4570]: pam_unix(sudo:session): session closed

Nov 9 20:32:24 server02 unix_chkpwd[4661]: password check failed for user

Nov 9 20:32:24 server02 su[4581]: pam_unix(su:auth): authentication failed; logname= uid=1000 euid=0 tty=pts/0 ruser=opc rhost= user=root

Which setting enabled the reporting of this log file output?

Options:

authpriv.* /var/log/auth

*.emerg *

*.info;mail.none;authpriv.none;cron.none /var/log/messages

#kern.* /dev/sssd/sssd.log

cron.* /var/log/cron

Questions # 2:

Which two are true about using Ksplice?

Options:

Ksplice can be used without a network connection

It can patch the kernel without shutting down the system.

Yum cannot upgrade a kernel patched by Ksplice

Ksplice has two clients; each can run in three different modes.

The Ksplice client is freely available to all customers.

Answer

A, B

Explanation

Option A: Ksplice can be used without a network connection

Explanation:

Ksplice provides anOffline Clientspecifically designed for systems that do not have a direct connection to the internet. This client allows administrators to download Ksplice updates on a system with internet access and then transfer them to the offline system for installation.

This means Ksplice can be effectively used in environments with strict security policies where network connectivity is restricted or not available.

Oracle Linux Reference:

Oracle® Linux 8: Ksplice User's Guide- Section on "Using the Ksplice Offline Client":

"The Ksplice Offline client enables you to apply Ksplice updates to systems that do not have direct access to the Internet or to the Oracle Uptrack server."

Option B: It can patch the kernel without shutting down the system.

Explanation:

The primary purpose of Ksplice is to allow administrators to apply critical security patches to the running kernelwithout requiring a rebootor shutting down the system. This ensures high availability and minimizes downtime, which is crucial for production environments.

Ksplice works by performingjust-in-time (JIT) compilationof kernel patches and applying them directly to the running kernel in memory.

Oracle Linux Reference:

Oracle® Linux 8: Ksplice User's Guide- Introduction:

"Ksplice enables you to keep your systems up to date and secure by applying important kernel security updates without rebooting."

Why Other Options Are Not Correct:

Option C:Yum cannot upgrade a kernel patched by Ksplice

Explanation:

This statement is false. While Ksplice patches the running kernel in memory, yum can still upgrade the kernel packages on disk. After a yum kernel update, a reboot would be necessary to run the new kernel version, but yum operations are not hindered by Ksplice patches.

Oracle Linux Reference:

Oracle® Linux 8: Ksplice User's Guide- Compatibility with Package Managers:

"Ksplice works seamlessly with package management tools like yum and dnf. You can continue to use these tools to manage your kernel packages."

Option D:Ksplice has two clients; each can run in three different modes.

Explanation:

While Ksplice does have two clients (the online and offline clients), the statement about each running in three different modes is inaccurate or misleading. The clients do not operate in "three different modes" per se.

Oracle Linux Reference:

No official documentation supports the claim of "three different modes" for each client.

Option E:The Ksplice client is freely available to all customers.

Explanation:

Ksplice is a feature available to customers with an active Oracle Linux Premier Support subscription. It is not freely available to all users.

Oracle Linux Reference:

Oracle® Linux 8: Ksplice User's Guide- Access Requirements:

"To use Ksplice, your system must be covered by an Oracle Linux Premier Support subscription."

Conclusion:

Options A and B are correct because Ksplice can be used without a network connection via the offline client, and it allows patching the kernel without shutting down the system, ensuring minimal downtime.

Questions # 3:

Examine this content from /etc/chrony.conf:

...

pool pool.ntp.org offline

driftfile /var/lib/chrony/drift

keyfile /etc/chrony.keys

...

Which statement is true about pool.ntp.org?

Options:

chronyd polls a maximum of 3 sources from pool.ntp.org after it is enabled.

chronyd does not poll pool.ntp.org until it is enabled to do so by chronyd.

chronyd takes pool.ntp.org offline automatically when sending a request to the pool fails.

chronyd does not poll pool.ntp.org until it is enabled to do so by chronyc.

Questions # 4:

Which two default user account settings are contained in /etc/login.defs?

Options:

Decryption method used to decrypt passwords.

User hashed passwords.

Group hashed passwords.

Password aging controls.

Encryption method used to encrypt passwords.

Questions # 5:

Examine these commands and output:

# cat /etc/auto.master

/net -hosts

/- auto.direct ro

# cat /etc/auto.direct

/nfs1 host01:/export/share1

/nfs2 -sync host01:/export/share2

/nfs3 host02:/export/share3

Automounter must be used to mount these filesystems. Which mount options will it use?

Options:

/nfs1 and /nfs3 are mounted read-only, async while /nfs2 is mounted read-only, sync.

All three filesystems are mounted read-write, sync.

All three filesystems are mounted read-only, sync.

All three filesystems are mounted read-only, async.

/nfs1 and /nfs3 are mounted read-only, async while /nfs2 is mounted read-write, sync.

Questions # 6:

Examine these Kubernetes components:

Question # 6

Which option correctly matches the components with their description?

Options:

1-d, 2-f, 3-e, 4-a, 5-c, 6-b

1-b, 2-a, 3-e, 4-c, 5-f, 6-d

1-a, 2-d, 3-b, 4-c, 5-e, 6-f

1-c, 2-f, 3-d, 4-b, 5-e, 6-a

1-d, 2-f, 3-c, 4-e, 5-a, 6-b

Questions # 7:

Examine this command and output:

# cat deployment.yaml

apiVersion: apps/v1

kind: Deployment

metadata:

name: nginx-deployment

spec:

selector:

matchLabels:

app: nginx

replicas: 2

template:

metadata:

labels:

app: nginx

spec:

containers:

- name: nginx

image: nginx:1.14.2

ports:

- containerPort: 80

Now examine this command which executes successfully:

$ kubectl create -f deployment.yaml

Which two statements are true?

Options:

The command creates and guarantees the availability of a specified number of identical pods.

The command creates a deployment named nginx.

The command creates a pod named nginx.

The command specifies port 80 as the port that the container exposes.

The command specifies nginx image version 1.14.2 and will fail if the image version is not available.

Questions # 8:

Which three statements are true about the journalctl command?

Options:

journalctl -bl -p err fails if journal persistence is not configured.

journalctl -p err shows only error log level.

journalctl -p notice..warning shows all messages from notice to warning log level since the last boot.

journalctl -k shows kernel logs since the last boot.

journalctl -p 6 shows all info log level messages and above.

Answer

B, D, E

Explanation

Option B: journalctl -p err shows only error log level.

Explanation:

The -p or --priority option in journalctl filters messages by their priority level.

When specifying asingle priority level, journalctl shows messagesonlyat that level.

The priority levels, as per syslog standards, are:

0: emerg

1: alert

2: crit

3: err

4: warning

5: notice

6: info

7: debug

Therefore, journalctl -p err displays messages with priorityerr (3)only.

Oracle Linux Reference:

Oracle® Linux 8: Managing Log Files- Section onFiltering Output withjournalctl:

"Use the -p option to display messages from the journal that have a specific priority level."

Example:

# journalctl -p err

Option D: journalctl -k shows kernel logs since the last boot.

Explanation:

The -k or --dmesg option filters messages from the kernel, equivalent to the output of the dmesg command.

This option implies -b, which limits the output to messages from the current boot.

Therefore, journalctl -k displays kernel messages since the last boot.

Oracle Linux Reference:

Oracle® Linux 8: Managing Log Files- Section onViewing Kernel Messages:

"Use the journalctl -k command to display kernel messages since the last system boot."

Example:

# journalctl -k

Option E: journalctl -p 6 shows all info log level messages and above.

Explanation:

When specifying a single numeric priority, journalctl displays messages withthat priority level and higher priority levels(i.e., lower severity).

Priority levels are ordered from 0 (highest severity) to 7 (lowest severity).

Therefore, journalctl -p 6 shows messages with priorities:

0 (emerg)

1 (alert)

2 (crit)

3 (err)

4 (warning)

5 (notice)

6 (info)

This includesinfo level messages (6)and all higher priority messages.

Oracle Linux Reference:

Oracle® Linux 8: Managing Log Files- Section onFiltering Output with journalctl:

"When you specify a single priority level, journalctl shows messages at that level and higher severity."

Example:

# journalctl -p 6

Why Other Options Are Not Correct:

Option A:journalctl -bl -p err fails if journal persistence is not configured.

Explanation:

The -b option displays messages from the current boot. This works even if journal persistence isnotconfigured because the logs from the current boot are stored in volatile memory (/run/log/journal).

Therefore, the command doesnot failif journal persistence is not configured.

Oracle Linux Reference:

Oracle® Linux 8: Managing Log Files- Section onJournal Volatility:

"By default, the journal stores logs in volatile memory and does not persist logs across reboots unless persistent storage is configured."

Option C:journalctl -p notice..warning shows all messages from notice to warning log level since the last boot.

Explanation:

The -p option allows specifying arangeof priorities. However, the correct order for the range should be from thehigher priority (lower number)to thelower priority (higher number).

Also, the priorities should be specified in the correct sequence, and ranges are inclusive.

Moreover, journalctl by default shows messages from all boots unless limited by the -b option.

Therefore, without -b, it does not limit messages to "since the last boot," making the statement incorrect.

Correct Command:

To display messages fromwarning (4)tonotice (5), the command should be:

# journalctl -p warning..notice -b

But even then, the priorities need to be specified correctly, and the command in Option C is incorrect.

Conclusion:

OptionsB,D, andEare correct because they accurately describe the behavior of the journalctl command in filtering and displaying log messages based on priority levels and sources.

Questions # 9:

Examine this command:

# ssh -L 5011:127.0.0.1:80 bob@10.10.2.20 -f sleep 30

Which two are true upon execution?