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Mode 0: No protection mode (Greenfield)

Mode 1: Nonmember protection mode

Mode 2: 20 MHz protection mode

Mode 3: Non-HT mixed mode

A heat map demonstrating signal quality in areas where VoWiFi is supported.

Codec types and sampling rates for each VoWiFi phone

Security parameters and configuration steps for VoWiFi handsets.

Test results from an active survey with a VoWiFi handset

Results of OFDM versus ERP performance in each BSA

Site survey utility

Wireless Network Management System

Protocol analyzer

Spectrum analyzer

WLAN discovery tool

Wireless Intrusion Protection System

Any 802.11 protocol analyzer can see the SSID in clear text in frames other than Beacons and Probe Response frames. This negates any security benefit of trying to hide the SSID in Beacons and Probe Response frames.

This security practice prevents manufacturers’ client utilities from detecting the SSID. As a result, the SSID cannot be obtained by attackers, except through social engineering, guessing, or use of a WIPS.

Although it does not benefit the security posture, hiding the SSID in Beacons and Probe Response frames can be helpful for preventing some users (such as guests) from attempting to connect to the corporate network.

Any tenants in the same building using advanced penetration testing tools will be able to obtain the SSID by exploiting WPA EAPOL-Key exchanges. This poses an additional risk of exposing the WPA key.

To improve security by hiding the SSID, the AP and client stations must both be configured to remove the SSID from association request and response frames. Most WLAN products support this.

14 channels are available worldwide.

11 channels are available worldwide.

Regulatory domains worldwide require DFS and TPC in all these channels.

DFS may be required in some regulatory domains on some channels.

802.11 channels are separated by 5 Mhz

Check the frame decodes in the protocol analyzer and look for an excessive number of deauthentication frames.

Evaluate the client’s operating frequency band with a spectrum analyzer, looking for a high noise floor or interference sources.

Utilize a laptop-based site survey and planning tool to create a predictive model of the optimal AP placement in the customer’s facility.

With a protocol analyzer, identify the client’s roaming threshold settings and reassociation behavior.

Install Wi-Fi endpoint security and reporting software on the client device to monitor and log the retransmission behavior.

Spatial multiplexing

Short guard intervals

Maximal ratio combining

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

Use of WEP or TKIP for encryption instead of CCMP

Use of passphrase authentication instead of 802.1X/EAP authentication

Increasing the beacon interval from 100 to 200 (TUs)

RF interference from more than 10 nearby Bluetooth transmitters

Increasing or decreasing the number of spatial streams in use by the client station and AP

Client devices ignore the TIM field and automatically send PS-Poll frames after every beacon.

After each beacon, the AP attempts to empty its frame buffer by sending Wake-on-WLAN frames to wake each dozing client.

Request-to-Send and Clear-to-Send frame exchanges are used to trigger the delivery of buffered data.

The Beacon interval is changed from the default 100 time units to 10 or less time units.

Clients send null data frames to the AP and switch the power management bit from 1 to 0 to receive queued data.

Stations send a CTS-to-self frame to the AP with a very long duration period so they can receive all of their buffered data at once.

WPA2-Personal uses 802.1X/EAP for authentication, and WEP-128 uses preshared keys.

WPA2-Personal is based on IEEE 802.11 industry standards, but WEP is not.

WPA2-Personal uses CCMP for encryption, and WEP-128 uses TKIP for encryption.

WPA2-Personal uses dynamic encryption keys, and WEP-128 uses static keys.

WPA2-Personal requires complex 64-character hex keys, whereas WEP-128 requires weak 26-character hex keys.